September 23, 2013

Wharton Barker
This account, written by the American banker Wharton Barker and published in The Independent
(LVI) of March 24, 1904, recounts Barker’s conversation with Russian
Tsar Alexander II, the celebrated Liberator of the serfs, on August 17,
1879, a few years before his assassination at the hands of anarchists.
Here the Tsar confirms that, at the height of the American Civil War in
1862-1863, the Imperial Russian government had issued an ultimatum to
Britain and France specifying that, if these powers should intervene on
the side of the Confederate States of America, they would immediately
find themselves at war with the formidable Russian Empire. The Tsar
explains that the Russian battle fleets which arrived to great éclat in
New York and San Francisco in September-October of 1863 were the visible
tokens of this policy. He also situates the Russian approach to the
Civil War in the context of other cases in which Russia had acted to
preserve a European and world balance of power designed to check the
inordinate geopolitical and economic ambitions of Great Britain.
Alexander II’s policy may be compared to the war-avoidance doctrine of
Putin and Lavrov today. This extraordinary document will thus repay
study by historians of the events of 150 years ago, as well as by
statesmen of today.
And today, before they can understand, they will have to remember. Therefore we take this opportunity to cast belated light on these great events.
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